A person stands with arms outstretched amidst a peaceful meadow at sunset, embracing the beauty of nature and the serenity of the glowing horizon. What is expectation bias? Expectation bias occurs when an individual's expectations about an outcome influence perceptions of their own or others' behavior [1] . This cognitive phenomenon shapes how people interpret information presented to them and causes them to see what they expect rather than what exists. Preconceived notions a
